Test Papers – ICSE – Class – X
CBSE X SA-1History Ch 1 Power sharing Demo Videos
Hello, students, today we will be starting with a new chapter which is called as Power Sharing. Let us understand what does it mean and what are the contents.
First and the foremost, okay, we will start off with a simple example. An example of a country called as Belgium, Belgium is a small country in Europe, and smaller in area than the state of Haryana. It has borders with countries of Netherlands, France and as well as Germany. Now it has population of a little over one crore, about half the population of Haryana. The ethnic composition of this small country is very complex. Now what do we mean by ethnic? A social division based on shared culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type of culture or both. They need not always have the same religion or nationality.
Moving forward, 59 percentage of life in Flemish region and speaker of Dutch language.
Next, another 40 percentage of the people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Now remaining 1 percent of the Belgians speaks German. In the capital city Brussels 80% people speak French, while 20% are Dutch speakers.
Next, the minority French, okay, that is the people those who live in less in numbers speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This was resented by the Dutch speaker community who got the benefit of economic development and education much later.
From 1950 to the year 1960, acute tension between the Dutch speaker as well as the French speaking communities in Brussels happened. Now Brussels presented a special problem. The Dutch speaking people constituted a majority in the country but minority in the capital. Now when we say, okay, problem arises. Just imagine what could happen in a situation like this.
In Belgium, the Dutch community could take advantage of its numeric majority and force its will upon the French minority as well as the German speaking population. This would push conflict among the communities, this could lead to a very messy partition of the country. Both the sides would claim control over Brussels.
Now the Belgian leaders took a different path, that is, they recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. Between the years 1970 to the year 1973, okay, there were amendments to the constitution, and that too, okay, the constitution was amended four times. This was an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. The arrangement they worked out is different from any other country and is very innovative, right.
So moving forward, what are the elements of the Belgian model. Let’s see them in detail.
We will start off with the constitution.
The number of Dutch and the French speaking ministers were equal, right, and they were equal within the central government.
Special laws required support of majority members from each linguistic group.
Next, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
So now going towards the next one, the power of the central government.
Given to state government of two regions of the country.
The state governments are not subordinate to the central government.
Next, we will see the points related to separate governments. Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The French speaking people had accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch speaking community had accepted equal representation in the central government.
Now, let’s go towards the next one, the community government. Elected by the people belonging to one language community, that is the Dutch, the French and the German speaking, no matter where they lived.
This government had the power regarding cultural, educational and as well as language related issues.
Now the Belgian model worked very well so far. They helped to avoid civic strife or problem between the major community and a possible division of the country on linguistic line.
Next, okay, let’s take an example of Sri Lanka. Now when talking about Sri Lanka, the first and the foremost thing, it is an island nation. The location, it is a few kilometres off the southern coast of Tamil Nadu.
The population is around 2 crore people, quite a diverse population.
Let us understand the division of the population here. Okay, there were some people those who were called as Sinhala speakers, or the people speaking Sinhala language while the rest were the Tamil speakers. Now most of the Sinhala speaking population were Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims.
Now the Tamil speakers, the Tamil speakers were further divided into two parts, now let us see.
So we are talking about Sinhala speakers as well as Tamil speakers. The Sinhala speakers form 74 percentage of the population while the Tamil speakers form 18% of the population, right. Like I told they were divided into two parts, let’s see them, Sri Lankan Tamils as well as Indian Tamils. Now the Sri Lankan Tamils were concentrated in the north and east of the country, most of Sinhala, that is people speaking Sinhala are Buddhists. While the India Tamils are those whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period.
Now next is that when you are talking about percentage wise, the Sri Lankan speaking Tamil or the Sri Lankan Tamils were just 13% while the Indian Tamils were 5%.
So in the year 1948, it gained independence.
Next, the Sinhala community started growing dominance over the government by virtue of majority. Now when we say Majoritarian, it is nothing but a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants to, by disregarding the wishes and the needs of the minority. So when we say by virtue of the majority, the democratically elected government adopted a series of Majoritarian measures to establish the Sinhala supremacy.
Now in the year 1956 there was an Act which was made according to the Act, Sinhala was recognized as the official language of Sinhala. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.
The government followed preferential policies. That is:
- They would be given government jobs
- They would be given University positions.
Now when we say preferential policies what does it mean? It means preferential policies that favoured the Sinhala applicants. Now when we say, okay, preferential jobs given to the Sinhalese, okay.
Now what was the government measures against Sri Lankan Tamils.
They were denied equal political rights. Second, there was discrimination against them in getting jobs.
Ignored their interest, that is relationship between the Sinhala and the Tamil communities strained over a period of time.
Next, when we say Sri Lankans Tamils launched parties as well as started struggles against the Sinhala Tamils, okay, there was mutual distrust among them. Why was this going on? Okay, this struggle was going on for recognition of Tamil as an official language. Also they wanted religious autonomy and also they wanted equality of opportunity, jobs as well as education. And of course, because of this problem there was distrust which further led to conflict and conflict led to a big civil war in Sri Lanka, okay.
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CBSE X History Demo Videos
So, my dear friends, I am back with this amazing insight into the history of the novels and how they changed the world.
Let’s start with printing presses, print as you all know, my dear friends, was a mechanical invention. So it came much later. Previously there used to be manuscripts, but listen, how many people could read a manuscript, in tens, in hundreds, maybe in thousands, that’s it. How could they reach the other people? How could they reach into all corners of the world, especially at a time when in Europe, in countries like England and France, in cities were growing were expanding rapidly like London, and they were now connected to smaller towns and rural areas. So, print and improved communication was a must.
You had amazing authors at such times. Sir Walter Scott remembered for his fantastically popular Scottish ballads and his historical novels about the fighting between the tribes and the clans of Scotland, amazing ones, they were fiercely loyal to their tribes and clans.
You had the epistolary novel, so, what is an epistolary novel, in which letters are used to tell a story and take it forward. Just like Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, in which stories between an exchange of letters between two lovers. The story is told by an exchange of letters between two lovers and these letters believe me when the readers read the story and they read the letters they actually come to realize the inner conflicts in the mind of the heroine.
Moving on, look at Tom Jones, the most famous series of books in those days. Believe me, each book was prized at three shillings and in those days, three shillings was more than what a labourer earned in a week.
So, my dear friends, come to think about this, were these novels only for the rich, could they reach the middle classes and the lower classes. Yes they did, how did it happen, let’s see it in the next module. I will see you there.
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CBSE X SA-1 Economics Demo Videos
Hi, children, I am Nirmala. And today we are going to do Economics, Chapter number one and the name of the lesson is Development. Let us understand exactly what is Development.
My dear children, in simple language, development means progress. And in this lesson we will make a beginning in understanding what development means in terms of individuals and in terms of nations. Let us try to try to imagine what development is to different persons. What are their development goals or aspirations?
The development goal of a landless rural labourer is he wants better wages, second he wants more days of work, and further he wants local schools for his children, so they become educated. Also he wants no social discrimination. So, you see that there are four development goals of this landless rural labourer.
For a prosperous farmer from Punjab, his goal is high prices for his crops, high family income and hard working and cheap labourers. For a farmer who depends only on rain for growing crops, any guesses what will be his aspirations? You are right, his aspiration is he would want adequate rainfall. And in case of no rains, he would want irrigation facilities.
For a rural woman from a land owning family, her aspiration is to have a share in the families land holding. She would want her family, her society to give her respect and dignity and quality education for her children.
For an urban unemployed youth, the aspiration, the goal will be employment and not just a temporary job, but he wants a secured job, that is job security.
Let’s move further, for a girl from a rich urban family, what will be her development goal. Yes, she wants a safe and liberal environment, which every woman across the country aspires. Second, she would love to study abroad. And third very interesting is that she wants her brother should also contribute in housework.
For a boy from rich urban family, the aspirations will be different from that of the girl. His aspiration is to have a carefree life with no responsibilities whatsoever and to study abroad.
Let us go to the last individual by the name an Adivasi from Narmada valley. The Adivasis say we do not want huge dam constructions, reason because they will submerge our land and they will disrupt our lives. We want dams, yes, but we want small check dams or tanks.
So let us see here, the development goals of so many individuals. We saw here the development goals of so many individuals. Each one of them seeks different things, second they seek things that are most important for them.
So, we sum it up by saying that what we saw earlier was different people have different goals.
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Win the Race Against Time – Tips to Manage Your Time.
Time management! How many times we must have heard those words in many different ways. Teachers give us time-tables. Parents give lectures how to do things on time. Everybody, who is ‘concerned’, wants us to learn to manage time for ‘our own good’. What is managing time? According to teachers and parents, it is getting up on time and studying the rest of the day. Yeah right! What do they know?
Unfortunately, for some of us the nagging of our parents about ‘studying or else,’ came true when we barely scraped past our exams. That’s when we realized we should do something about it – only to forget about it later.
It is all in your mind.
What we did learn from the past is what we do and most of what we don’t honestly depends upon us. It is time we realize how we react to certain situations including the suggestions we accept and the decisions we put away for later. Try to learn for yourself why you do it. Maybe, it is something you don’t like to do or when you were presented with the situation the time was not right and you made an impulsive decision to procrastinate.
Know how your body clock works. Watching the clock that keeps time is only part of the whole management process. However, also remember that the world does not revolve around you. There are things you will have to do to match the time for other things like school/college and lunch/dinner time etc.
Write it down
Make a record of how you spend time throughout the day. Document everything including the time taken to do all those things you do. Segregate the productive activities and the unproductive ones, then decide which things you would like to keep and the activities you feel can be thrown out of the list or maybe do it not so frequently.
After that make a list of the things that you need to do. Yes. The ones that spell study, get up, revise, and exercise. Although some people may have a small list which may or may not include all the activities included above and some may have a problem that the to-do list is so big it is unmanageable. Remember that everything need not be done in a day.
At the same time always ask yourself the question what you want to do and does the item on the list help you in achieving your objective. If the list is long then prioritize. Prioritize even if the list is small. The things that need to be done are important. The activities which you feel will add value to your mission need to be notched down a little.
Make a time table
Did someone suggest that time-tables do not work. Well, he was wrong! It is always better to plan ahead than arrive at your destination and then worry about the next step. Now that you know what needs to be done, you should decide that it needs to be done – come-what-may.
Writing down your time table like an appointment book is a good idea. This way you appoint a start time and end time to you activities.
Stick to it
You have only 24 hours to achieve what you set out to do today. So adhering to the time-table is important. Add interruption time, because there would things that are not in your control, but may crop up and you would have to address without jeopardizing your time schedule. So put in the breaks. Not generous ones but necessary ones. Try to put in all distractions into this.
Nobody is suggesting any priorities to you and nobody is telling you what to do. It is just you and your goal in life. As someone said ‘dreams don’t work unless you do’.
CBSE X SA-1 Geography Demo Videos
Let’s begin with the first chapter in Geography, Resources and Development.
Now the question, what is a resource? Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is:
First one, technologically accessible, technologically accessible means it is easy to approach, that is a technology which is easy to approach. Now the technology of converting of solar and wind energy is available so we can say it is technologically accessible.
Second one, economically feasible, economically feasible means capable of being accomplished. Solar and wind energy is widely used because it is economically available.
Culturally acceptable that is commonly accepted in the society. Now this can be termed as a resource.
Anything that completes these three points will be called as a resource. So here we can say, solar energy and wind is a resource.
This was just one example, like that we can take anything in our day to day life, it should complete these three points.
Now, if I take this, the process of transformation of things available in our environment involves an interdependent relation between nature, technology and institution. In this example, the word ‘nature’ refers to land and climate. ‘Technology’ refers to method of cultivation. ‘Institution’ refers to various organizations involved in the development of agriculture.
Now human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. That is to speed up economic development.
Do you think that resources are free gifts of nature as it is assumed by many? They are not. Resources are a function of human activities. Human beings themselves are essential components of resources. For example, latex as you can see in this picture is a natural product we obtain from rubber tree. This is converted into rubber.
So we can say that, human beings transform material available in our environment into resources and use them.
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CBSE X SA-1 Science Demo Videos
Now moving on to the second type of decomposition reaction that is decomposition reaction due to light. For this we are going to take a China dish in which we have yellow coloured substance which is AgBr also called as silver bromide. And let us see what happens when you keep that silver bromide exposed to sunlight. There is formation of vapour along with change of colour from yellow to grey, formation of grey coloured substance. Now, what is that grey coloured substance? It is nothing but silver that is Ag and the vapours formed are of Bromine. Now in this reaction we took one reactant which in the presence of sunlight gave us two products, two simpler products that is Ag and Br. So, there was a splitting up reaction or the breaking down reaction, which is the decomposition reaction but it only and only took place because of sunlight, because it was being exposed to sunlight. So, it was decomposition due to light.
Now, next question would be, is the reaction balanced. Obviously not, because we can see on right hand side bromine is 2, left hand side it is 1. So, we need to balance on left hand side as well making it 2AgBr. But if we make 2AgBr, Ag becomes 2 so we need to balance on the right hand side as well making it 2Ag plus Br2. Now the reaction is balanced.
Now, let us consider one more similar kind of reaction. That is reaction of AgCl when it is exposed to sunlight. And when AgCl, a white coloured substance is exposed to sunlight similar kinds of observations were made, formation of grey coloured substance along with release of vapour. And the grey colour substance was again silver and the vapours are of chlorine. Again the same kind of question, is the reaction balanced? Obviously not, because on right hand side we have 2 chlorine and left hand side 1 chlorine. We need to balance it to make it 2AgCl. That makes Ag2. So, on right hand side also we need to make Ag2 that is 2Ag plus Cl2. Same thing happened, we took one reactant which in the presences of sunlight got split down into two simpler products Ag and Cl2, so, again a decomposition due to light.
Now, both these reactions are used in black and white photography during the process of developing and also a decomposition reaction that takes place due to light or in the presence of sunlight, is called as photolysis.
Moving on to the third type of chemical reaction, that is decomposition due to electricity. Now, water can be decomposed by electricity. So, the decomposition takes place because of third condition because of the electricity. For this we are going to take a simple experimental set up, wherein we have a plastic mug in which we have acidified water and we can also see two rods, graphite rod which are connected to the negative and positive terminal of the battery. Also there are two test tubes which are kept inverted over the graphite rod and there is a switch for manipulating the supply of electric current. And the moment the switch is put on electricity is going to start flowing. But what is this acidified water. An acidified water is the water mixed with few drops of acid. And what is the need for the acidified water? Answer is very simple, acidified water is used to produce ions that is for the process of ionisation because when there is ions then only electricity can flow. So, let us put the switch on and see the observation and look at the observation. And the moment the switch is put on we can see collection of gases towards the positive as well as the negative terminal. Towards the positive we have oxygen and towards the negative we have hydrogen. Now, what happened during the process is, there was water and the moment we supply electric current that water that is H2O got spilt up into its respective atoms hydrogen and oxygen. So, there was a splitting up process, because from one reactant that is H2O we got two simpler products H2 and O2. So there was splitting which took place only and only in the presence of electric current or because of supply of electricity. So there was a decomposition reaction taking place but it took place only because of supply of electric current or electricity. Reaction needs to be balanced so, 2H2O should give you 2H2 plus O2. Such kind of decomposition reaction which takes place due to electricity is called as electrolysis, also called as electrolytic decomposition. Now, what are the uses for this electrolysis process? Uses includes, extraction of metals like sodium or aluminium and also for the process of electroplating.
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