State Board Commerce (XI-XII) - Test Papers
Tips and Tricks to Crack Data Interpretation in CAT
The DI section in CAT can be rewarding but also your downfall if not attempted carefully. In today’s article we outline some strategies that you could use to make sure that you attempt DI correctly. We have also added a smaller section on how to study for DI in the last month of preparation.
Strategies for Cracking DI
Selecting the Right Sets
Most of the times, your performance in the DI section depends on your ability to choose the right sets. In a CAT DI section, not all sets are worth attempts. There is a good spread of easy and difficult sets. The objective is to choose the easy sets and avoid the tough and time-consuming ones. What is also important is to prioritize the sets that you have chosen to solve so that you don’t end up spending too much time on any one set.
How does one select or reject a set on the face of it? There are many factors that can decide this.
1. Familiarity with the Data Representation
Sometimes the CAT examiners represent the data in a format that may be unfamiliar to you. Because of this there would be a big risk to attempt such a set as you never know how much time you might end up spending in deciphering it.
Here is a CAT 2008 set to illustrate the same:
2. The Nature of the Data Values
Sometimes, your set may have data values that are big (4 digits and more) or values that are in decimals. Usually such values are not so friendly to calculate. Hence such sets should usually be avoided.
Here is a CAT 2003 (Nov) set that falls in the above category.
3. Ability to Extract Data Values from the Set
Some times that set may be familiar to us and the data values may also be friendly, however it may be difficult to extract the exact values from the set. Since we spend considerable amount of time in calculation, we better take the correct data values and calculate. Again it is better to ignore such sets.
The following CAT 1999 set is a good example of this.
4. Other factors
Apart from the above factors, there are some other reasons why you may choose to leave or do a particular set compared to others. These are:
- How many questions follow a particular data set? – Since you are spending considerable amount of time in deciphering the data set, you might as well take maximum advantage of the time you invested.
- Are the answers options too close of far apart? – Close answer options mean, possibility of approximation are ruled out. You need to spend that extra time to calculate the answer up to the last decimal place.
- Is there a ‘Cannot be Determined’ or ‘None of these’ in the answer options? – You are not sure of your answer and need to spend that extra time to double check whether the answer is indeed one of them, or you have made some mistake in calculation or overlooked some part of the information.
5. The Correct Trade-Off between all the Evils
Having said all of the above, it is important to note that you may not have get a set that satisfies all your requirements. Every set will have some drawback or the other. There may some sets that may not be familiar to you, some others in which the data values are not good enough and others where you may not be able to extract the exact values. This does not mean you should end up leaving all the sets. Probably you may have to Trade-Off one evil for another and decide which of the evils is better to live with, in the light of your strengths. In other words, life won’t be a smooth highway ride as far as DI is concerned. You need to overcome some of the hurdles and avoid treading on some others.
Don’t get Stuck in a Jam!
At the end of the day all of us are fighting against time. This is more true for DI as you may end miscalculating your time distribution across sets if you are not sensitive to the time that you are spending on every question.
The crucial decision that you need to take is ‘All of Some’ or ‘Some of All’. What it means is, whether it is advisable to solve ‘All questions from Some sets’ or ‘Some questions from all sets’. You need to take the former strategy if you could not short-list sufficient number of DI sets in your CAT papers. Since there are a only a few sets worth attempting, you need to solve almost all the questions from them if you need to have sufficient number of attempts. On the other hand, if you that almost all the sets are equally good or equally bad, then you may take the latter strategy. In this strategy you attempt all the sets, but skip specific questions from every set that are difficult or time consuming. Thus key to attempting a DI section is to keep moving on and not get stuck on any question or any set.
How to prepare for DI in the last one month?
1. Work on Speed Calculations
It is too late in the day to work on your calculations. However, if you have still haven’t mastered it, spend a good 3-4 days on calculations. It can still do wonders! Things like Reciprocals, Squares, Square roots, Cubes, Cube Roots etc. Work the calculations out mentally. Initially it may take more than you might want it to be taking, but this habit once formed will go a long way in helping you for DI. Working on Calculations is like swimming. Once you know it, you know it. From then on you can only work on getting better.
2. Study the DI trends in actual CAT papers
Preferably solve the DI sections of all the CAT papers from 2003 onwards. Try and understand how the questions have changed from the previous years. The annexure given at the end of this report can help you in this. This should take not more than 3 days.
3. Solve Section Tests rather than Individual Sets
What is important is to simulate the CAT. Hence rather than focusing of solving individual questions, you need to solve as many section tests as possible. Take these tests under timed settings, with emphasis on selecting and prioritizing the sets
State Board English Std IX Science Demo Videos
Hello students like we’ve been discussing in the previous module about mixtures being classified as homogeneous mixture and heterogeneous mixture we already discussed about homogeneous mixture in detail now let’s start with heterogeneous mixture heterogeneous mixture is the mixture in which the constituents are not uniformly mixed throughout the mixture and more point we’re going to note here the properties and composition of a heterogeneous mixture are not the same throughout the mixture now what does mean to understand this let me take one example in the example i am taking muddy water that means in a jar I have taken a mixture of mud and water if I support this muddy water into two different Jars the mixture is divided into two different jars what do you think is happening here can you see the difference yes the composition of muddy water is not the same because in heterogeneous mixture the constituents are not uniformly mixed so muddy water it becomes an example of heterogeneous mixture now let us see how heterogeneous mixture is further classified as it is further classified as suspension and colloid we are going to learn everything in detail so let’s first start with suspension .suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but they remain suspended in it and these particles are also visible to the naked eye particle size your students when I say it’s visible to the naked eye the size is greater than a hundred nanometers in diameter know what is NM Stands for nanometer . and one nanometer is 1 upon 10 raise to nine Meters let’s see different examples of suspension here the first one chalk Water suspension can you see in the picture the chalk water suspension next One muddy water which you already discussed before milk of magnesia is also a suspension sand particles that Suspended in water can you see the sand particles being suspended yes and the next one is flour in water is also an example of suspension talking about these example students let’s talk about chalk water mixture now this chalk water mixture if the suspension of chalk and water is kept under stopped for some time the Chalk particles will start settling down at the bottom of the beaker can you see in the picture in the first picture we have kept as it is after some time the chalk has settle it down at the bottom of the beaker now what will happen if I filter the suspension if I filter the chalk particles are left behind as residue you on the filter paper and a clear water is obtained as a filtrate isn’t it and if the same thing i apply for the muddy Water same thing is going to happen here also so if I keep it for some time the solute particles which are visible to the naked eye had settled at the Bottom the second type of heterogeneous mixture is a colloid let us define what is colloid .colloid is a mixture where the size of the particle is less than that of the particle in case of suspension Here the particle sizes between one nanometer and a hundred nanometers it diameter these particles are students uniformly spread throughout the solution due to relatively smaller size of the particles as compared to that of the Suspension this mixture might appear homogeneous to us but it’s not homogeneous it is a heterogeneous mixture as you can see in the picture one is of suspension other one is off colloid as a collided solution is a heterogeneous mixture isn’t it the two components of colloid are dispersed phase and dispersion medium dispersed phase means students the particles which are spread uniformly and dispersion medium means the medium in which the particles that spread to understand this will take help of examples the examples of colloids are soap solution milk blood as you know blood is visible to us right but what is present in blood WBC RBC platelets can you see them necked eye know but are the constraints present yes that why it also becomes an example of colloid start solution Ink and the last one is jelly these are the examples of the colloids so with this we have discussed the definitions of suspension and collide now let’s see the size and movement of particles in suspension and then colloid first we are going to start with suspension here i have taken a beaker sand in water it forms up suspension the particle size is greater than hundred nanometers and if you keep it under stop what will happen the particles will settle at the bottom sand at the bottom becomes disposed face and the top path becomes at dispersion medium likewise let’s talk about colloid in colloid i am taking the example of ink in water forms a colloidal solution particle sizes between one nanometer to 100 nanometers and the particles remain suspended throughout the solution can you see there the dispersed phase and dispersion medium so with this we understand the size and movement of particles now students let us see why milk is called as a colloid with the help of a small experiment I take one drop off milk it is examined under the microscope we can see small particles are floating in the liquid but under the microscope let’s see the picture can you see the slider in the small particles yes if there are particles present that means it’s a heterogeneous mixture and colloid this observation clearly shows that collides are heterogeneous in nature through they appeared to be homogeneous to us let’s study now the most important property of heterogeneous mixture what can you see you two different glasses and one beam of light yes the first mixture is a salt solution and the second one is milk in water I have to take a two different classes now let’s pass a beam of light through both the glasses can you see some difference in both the glasses here milk is a colloidal Solution where that particle size is so small that this scattered the beam of light I think you can clearly see the difference in the salt solution the light is not scattered whereas in a milk the light has been scattered and this scattering off beam of light is called as in tyndall effect so let us discuss about to tyndall effect in detail in tyndall effect is caused by scattering of light which we observe in both the solutions how is it affecting how is it scattering by very small particles in the colloidal solution in a transparent medium you see a picture was in the picture sunrays is coming can you see the ray of light clearly yes this is also because of tyndal effect it is often observed from the dust present in the air when sunlight comes in through the window all comes down to the hold of the cloud out so these are examples of tyndal effect one more example of tyndal effect when headlight beams are visible on foggy nights can see you here yes this is also an example of tyndal effect
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State Board English Std IX Geography Demo Videos
Hello children today in geography we shall do chapter number eight regional Development this is one of the most beautiful lessons of geography which i have come across so let us have fun with chapter number 8 well before we begin with this lesson let’s go through the index the first thing we shall understand in the lesson is the concept of development Second what is regional development third what does regional imbalance forth what is human development index and last but not the least is what is the regional development in our very own state of Maharashtra well let us now understand the concept of development you will see 3 words across the screen change growth development My dear children do these words mean the same or are they different well let us find out with an example one day I sowed a seed and after sowing the seed I saw to it that i watered and nurtured it and soon enough what happened after a few months the small little seed had transformed into a beautiful tree see and this tree consisted of delicious apples well my dear children the seed becoming a tree is a change what is a change. change means to become different change is a natural process change takes place with plants it also takes place with animals change takes place with human beings with regions but you should always remember that whenever change takes place it has two directions the first direction is a progressive change the second direction is a non progressive change progressive change is a positive change non-progressive change is a negative change let us understand this better the change of a seed To a tree is a progressive of change a positive change right and the non germination of the seed is a non progressive change look at the seed crying because it knows it has gone in the part of non progressive change so we have to take utmost care while changes occurring progressive change always leads to a desired growth then what is growth . growth is a change in the direction from lesser to more or from lower to higher my dear children earlier you saw the plant had less roots les stems less leaves but now the tree is definitely having more roots more stems more leaves right that’s definitely a progressive growth when the tree is growing its different components like the roots and stems the branches and the leaves flowers and the Fruits all grow in proper proportion this is known as an all-around growth or a desired growth let us now understand what is a non progressive change a non progressive change leads to an undesired growth for example the growth of weeds is an undesired growth because the weeds will eventually destroy the tree right now whenever you find across you poverty or you come across disease waste and crime in cities definitely what you are seeing is an undesired growth in the cities these are all negative changes taking place around you which is really very bad right the desired growth leads to development and a non desired growth leads to no Development now let me make things more clear about change growth and development always remember that at first what takes place is always change and when there is a progressive of change it leads to growth and when the growth is in the desired direction it leads to development change and growth and narrow concepts well development is a broad concept change is a natural process development is a planned to process it takes a lot of efforts to develop your region yourself as a human being even the plant which you watered then nurtured so my dear children there is a formula for development. development is equal to progressive change plus desired growth that’s the end of our module the concept of development in the next module we shall understand what is regional development
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State Board English Std IX English Demo Videos
Hello students this is Seema here and once again we are going to do another interesting lesson from your textbook English textbook that is you are right baby now why do I say it’s going to be interesting students because it brings about a very important dimension of that one very important person of your life that is your mother so it tells us about a very, very important and very common character trait of a mother that is the aspect of guilt the guilt of a mother now why does a mother express guilt in this lesson let’s take a look at it in the summary ahead so this is a lesson that brings out the guilt and the anguish the pain of a mother who leaves her nine-year-old daughter Anandita are in the hands of made to be able to attend a party with her husband so she’s going for a party leaving her nine-year-old daughter it also brings out the pain or the sorrow of a child and her reaction in the form of crying and throwing a tantrum the next morning the child seems to have forgotten everything about it but the guilt in the heart of the mother continues to be there so we are now going to see how a mother expresses her guilt in this lesson so let us start the lesson which is in the form of a letter so the mother is expressing the guilt in the form of a letter she writes a letter and whom does she write this letter to you can see there the date April 99 Mumbai and this is in the year nineteen ninety nine and she addresses it to Anandita she says dear Anandita so who is Anandita .it is the name of the writers nine-year-old daughter so She expresses her feelings through this letter probably of course she’s not going to give the letter immediately to her but students this is written by Shobha dey a very famous writer and a columnist in our newspapers and you know this is a collection of letters actually that she had written to her children so it’s a collection and this is one of those letters where she expresses a guilt on having left her daughter and gone for a party so let’s go ahead with the letter last night you cried in hour maybe longer so she says you She refers to Anandita over here the word you refers to an Anandita as the writer is writing it to her. her daughter Anandita so she says that is here the writer a mother recalls or remembers the events of the previous night when she had been to a party and a nine-year-old daughter Anandita had cried as she did not want her mother to leave so she continues to write I could still here your sobs as the car pulled out and we arranged our expressions suitably for the party ahead now I could still hear your sobs so who’s the I students clear the mother that is Shobha dey the writer the mother who is writing the letter sobs is to beep or to cry uncontrollably the car pulled out the card was taken out of the carriage so she says I could still hear you now you is the daughter Anandita is the writer Shobha dey and we refers to one Anandita’s parents that is the writer and a husband because both of them are going for the party so arranged that expression suitably for the party very nice line students this brings out that the mother was actually not feeling up to it was not feeling happy about going to the party which he had to fake her emotions they adjusted their expression to suit the occasion she couldn’t go to the party with that sadness with that guilt on her face so she had to adjust the expression students we do that when we go out when you go for work when you go to school there may be a lot of things that are going on in the mind but we have to change our expressions according to the occasion that is exactly what she did so she says she still remembers how a little girl had cried uncontrollably the mother to was sad but she had to put on fake expressions to suit the party now my evening was ruined so was yours now ruined means spoiled or destroyed so she says that her evening the mother says that her evening to us spoiled just like a daughter Anandita does evening was spoiled so though she had gone for the party though she tried to fake the emotions and put on expressions to show how to happen is she was not happy she was very very sad her evening had been completely spoiled just like the daughters evening had been spoiled this shows that though mother had to go to the party her heart was with her daughter who had cried uncontrollably this is the greatness of a mother students and we all know that how much our mothers lovers maybe we don’t you know understand that immediately but it is later when you realize all the sacrifices that she had made of course this time she goes for the party but her heart is still with the daughter now I should have stayed home and comforted you I should have done this students see the guilt that she feels she should not have done what she did she expresses that she should have stayed back and comforted her to sooth the daughter because she was crying so much so she says something was obviously wrong for you of all the children to have staged that tantrum now obviously it was very clear that there was something wrong it was clearly understood that something was wrong to have staged to have demonstrated to have shown that tantrum now tantrum is a fit of bad temper so she says that this girl Anandita of all the children had shown at Tantrum and I should have stayed back to find out what was wrong it was so unlike your normal behavior when you watch me dress and then cheerfully wave bye-bye so the mother regrets that she had not stayed back with a daughter as it was not a normal behavior that day she felt their that must have been some problem with a daughter that day see your students normal behavior so what does this tell us we can actually imply that Anandita normal behavior was different to what was it all right Anandita are normally we have the cheerful by by whenever her mother left her to go for a party that day she was behaving abnormally now another line something was obviously wrong for you of all the children to have staged that tantrum what does this tell us this line indicates that the line shows that Anandita siblings used to regularly throw tantrums generally they would throw tantrums siblings have brothers and sisters were generally cry whenever the mother went out not Anandita. Anandita l never threw a tantrum so she was different from the other children and that is why when that day she was crying the mother felt she should have stayed back to find out what was wrong .I didn’t get the chance to find out what was bothering you bothering you troubling you the moment was then while the tears were fresh while your face was flushed why you pleaded and begged me not to go so she says that I should have stopped and found out what was bothering you troubling you and when at that moment it is no point asking you later it is no point asking you today I should have waited back at that moment and asked what was wrong when you were crying when your face was flushed it was red with sorrow with sadness with anger with tears you know in small children cry a lot to become completely red so the mother said that at that time you were crying your face was flushed and you were begging for me not to go but I went ahead I should have waited and seen what was wrong so she regrets her actions of going to a party in spite of the fact that her daughter was crying endlessly she says she feels she should have waited back when Anandita was crying uncontrollably and immediately found out what was troubling her so at that moment she was should have found out not later see the regret again students and this regret we shall see in the rest of the letter we have seen how the mother talks about having gone for a party and a child was crying and even in the party she’s still thinking about the child so let’s see what is there in store for us in the next models
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State Board English Std IX Economics Demo Videos
Hello children welcome to the world of economics through a very interesting lesson sources of income My dear children through this lesson we all shall come to know the different ways by which you can on income when you grow up so here we go the first line in the lesson is rather interesting it says the human wants our unlimited and they go on increasing what are wants wants our desires we all aspire for the latest car the latest clothes yes but it requires money to fulfil human once so an individual has to earn income what do you mean by income income is the money received for regular work now let us understand what is personal income My dear children this question carries two marks so what is personal income personal income is the sum total of our earnings received by a person during a given period of time let us understand what is the sum total of our earnings through an example the example here is that of mr. John mr. John has a personal income which he gets during the year 2014 let us find out mr. Jones sum total of earnings to derive his personal income mr. John earns income from different sources like number one he earns from the profit from his self on business the profit comes to the tool of rupees two crore wow that’s awesome right mr. John also has another source of income and this time it comes from the rent and from his property the income through his rent comes through the tool of rupees 10 lakh Wow and he also has the third source of income and this time it is the interest from his savings which comes to rupees 5 lakh let us head up all the different sources of John’s income and the total comes to yes it comes to rupees 2,15,00,000 Wow mr. John is an extraordinary person he’s a super rich man right well this is John’s sum total of earnings which is known as is personal income for the year 2014 My dear children so let us sum up the definition of personal income it is the sum total of our earnings received by a person during a given period of time a person receives income for his contribution to the production let us understand what this statement means production your means the production of goods and services let us take the example of mr. john and understand how did mr. John contribute to production he provides the services to his government making business now when you provide a service to your business in return you are going to be rewarded with profits right so this is the way by which john contributed to the production of goods and services similarly my dear children that are different factors of production what do you mean by factors. factors are anything that helps in production there are four factors of production which are required for the production of goods and services and they are as follows number one it is land number two it is labor number three it is capital and number four what you require is an enterprise so let us understand how can the factors of production on income well if I am the owner of this land I earn rent that is how i contribute in the factor of production second these people you have a job in an office so they’re earn salary or wages this is that another way by which factors of production on third our bank gives lone and so the bank earns interest from the loan given to the people and the fourth factor of production which can on is through Enterprise this gentle manner is saying i own this enterprise I’m an entrepreneur and I on profit well my dear children I hope you understood what is income what is personal income and what are the different factors of production which helping earning personal income in our next module we shall study the different sources of income through the urban areas and rural areas.
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State Board English Std IX Algebra Demo Videos
The previous module we learned about sub divided bar diagram in this model also will be seeing one more sum based on sub divided bar diagram so let’s take up the question the question is this exercise 7.2 question number three the figures of income and expenditure in crores of rupees of a company are given draw a sub divided bar diagram for the following information right and what information is given it is given in the form of a table like this in the first row is it an year 2004-5 2005-6 2006-7 and 2007-8 right four years are there and then for each year what was the income of the company what was the expenditure of the company that is also given ok now what we have to do in this sum is we need to draw a sub divided bar diagram for a sub divided bar diagram what do we need we have income and we have expenditure for the year 2004-5 but for sum divided diagram what we require we require the total amount for each year for each year we require the total amount so what we will prepare one more table we’re in will have the total amount also that one more table also will have seen three columns the first row will be year the second income and third expenditure one more row will come that one more row will be for total alright so what we will do in this total for the year 2004-5 what is the total amount will add these two figures 155 + 140 will add and write it as 303 for the year 2005-6will add these two figures 162 and 152 will add it and it is 314 for the year 2006-7 will add these to 181 + 169 it will be 350 for the year 2007-8 add these two also 190 + 72 the total is 362 the table is ready right the total amount we got the table is ready now we can take up our graph paper after taking up our graph paper will draw the x-axis and y-axis leaving two centimeters from the bottom will draw the horizontal x-axis living two centimeters from the left will draw the vertical Y axis and then write X0, X’ and why Y0, Y’ now in this sum to information’s are given one is a subjective information which is the year 2004-5 2005-6, 6-7-8, 7 it right there is a subjective information and the numerical information is the amount the income and expenditure the total is what the amount that is a numerical information so what we will do on the x axis will mark the subjective information with his years and on the y-axis we are going to mark the numerical information and the numerical information is nothing but that amount in rupees right so x-axis and y-axis we are marked now for each year we will have to draw one bar and then divided which bar we are going to draw we are going to draw a rectangular bar which is of the length equal to the total right so what is a maximum amount in the total column you’ll see the maximum amount of the total column if you see the maximum amount in the total column it is 362 can you see that so you are a graph should accommodate this number 362 now how you will accommodate this number 362 do let us think about the scale we cannot take one centimeter is equal to 1 unit so we have increase scale now since we have about 20 centimeters with us what we will do on the y-axis we will consider the scale 1 centimeter is equal to 20 units ok because if one centimeter is 20 units we have got 20 centimeters with us 20 into 20 we can accommodate four hundred and we just have to accommodate this 362 right so what we will take the scale 1 centimeter is equal to 20 units but what is a unit in this sum it is crores of rupees right four units is crores of rupees so what would write the scale on the y-axis one centimeter is equal to rupees 20 crores and if it that is a scale on the y-axis to how Y axis is going to progress 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 so we can write up the 380 because we have to just accommodate this 362 right now for on the x-axis we are going to write the years now for each year for the year 2004-5 what we’ll have to do draw a rectangle of length 303 now how will you draw a rectangle of length 3 03 on this graph paper let us understand for that let us understand the scale properly right so let us understand the scale, scale we have taken one centimeter is equal to 20 crore so what is one centimeter your graph paper is made up of squares like this and the size of every square is 1 centimeter right and we have taken the scale 1 centimeter is equal to rupees 20 crores we are taken but one centimeter if you can’t no one two three four if you count small, small boxes are there 1 centimeter has got ten boxes and one centimeter is equal to 20 crores means 10 boxes is equals to 20 crores right if ten boxes is 20 crores then one box is nothing but the rupees 2 crores right so every one small box is equal so much 2 crore so just remember that now we want to mark 303 so let us understand where will this 303 lie 303 will lie between 300 and 320 yes or no 300 and 320 lie where will the 303 lie let us understand that because we understood that everyone box is equal 2 Crores right there is 303 like 300 is there down if you go up one box we reach 302 if you got one more box will reach 304 so between like 302 and 304 that line will represent 303 approximately on your graph paper all right so let us draw one rectangular bar up to 303 ok it is exactly between 300 and 320 and 300 just go up one box you reach 302 one more you reach 304 so between the second and the third box after 300 will be our 303 so let us draw that rectangular bar for the year 2004-5 right similarly let us draw for the year 2005-6 it is 314 right so 314 it is draw a rectangle of length 314 the scale understood the scale is one box is equals to 2 crore .314 how will you mark 314 will also lie between 300 and 320 so if you go up one box you’ll reach 302 one more 304 one more 306 one more 308 one more 310 one more you go up you reach 312 one more you go up it is 314 that means after the fifth box the light line is they’re of your graph paper just two boxes about that is 314 between 300 and 320 so it is marked for that also so that second rectangle up to the length of 314 Right the third one is 350,350 for the year 2006-7 350 will Iie exactly between 340 and 360 so we’ll draw a rectangle of length 350 right for the year two thousand six seven it will lie exactly between 340 and 360 so one box is 2 crores right so 340 is there a 360 is there exactly between 340 360 so just go up one box which 342 one more 344 one more 346 one more 348 and the next one is 350 so we are going to draw a rectangle up to 350 so that is the rectangle up to 350 for the year two thousand six seven and then last the last is 362 so for the 2007-8 draw a rectangle of length 362 so 362 how are you going to mark one box is 2 crores right so one box 360 is there here and 380, 362 is going to lie exactly between in 360 and 380 just one box which 362 right so that’s how we mark 362 so all the total bars we are drawn for all the years now we have to divide it it’s a sub divided bar diagram we are provided right let us subdivide these rectangles as income and expenditure so let us take the first year that is 2004-5 the income is 155 so let us mark 155 in the first year ok so one will provide the same way how you do the total bus same way to draw 155, 155 I will lie between 140 and 166 the next income is 162, 162 to lie between 160 and 180 the next income is 181, 181 will lie between 180 and 200 the next income is 190, 190 will also lie between 180 and 200 so we are marked all the incomes so the shaded region represents income and the unshaded region automatically presents expenditure because we are drawn that total bar so let us show indicators the shaded region represents income and the unshaded region represents expenditure right so let us write that expenditure so that completes you are subdivided bar diagram thank you.
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