State Board Commerce (XI-XII) - Test Papers
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 1 – Number Systems
NCERT solutions for class 9 maths chapter 1 pdf, Number system covers the major topics rational numbers, irrational numbers and decimal expansion of real numbers.
Rational Numbers:
The rational numbers can be positive, negative, in the form of fraction or zero.
The word rational is derived from the word ration, which can be given as fraction. Ratio compares two numbers. Rational numbers are often referred as simple fractions; this is because an integer divided by another integer can be expressed as fraction.
Examples: 1/5 is a rational number
This is because an integer is divided by another. 1 is divided by 5
1 ½ is also a rational number.
This is because we can write it as 3/2. 3 is divided by 2
Irrational Numbers:
As the name says, it cannot be written as fraction or ratio between two numbers. The irrational numbers will continue without any repetition.
Examples: Pi i.e. 3.14 is the commonly used irrational number in Maths. It is used in calculating the circumference of the circle. There is no pattern of repetition in Pi after detailed analysis.
e, also known as Euler’s number plays an important role in the subject of compound interest. The value of number is 2.71828. e is the limit of (1 + 1/x)x as x. where x is infinity
Decimal expansion of real numbers:
The decimal expansion of a number is its representation in base-10 (i.e., in the decimal system). The “decimal place” consists of a digit 0-9 multiplied by a power of 10.
A decimal representation of a non-negative real number n is an expression in the form of a series. These are of 3 types Terminating, non-terminating repeating and non-terminating non-repeating
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 11 – Constructions
The chapter 11 of Class 9 is Constructions. We provide step-by step guide for all the questions in a simple way which helps students to understand the chapter better. The chapter covers the topic of basic constructions and constructions of triangle.
The word “construction” refers to the drawing of various shapes, lines and angles as per the dimensions in an accurate manner. The constructions of these objects are made with the help of a pencil and a ruler. Basically in Geometric constructions there are no numbers required or provided. Some of the common forms of construction are
- Bisector of a given angle
- Construction of a perpendicular bisector of a given line segment
- Construction of angles at any given point in a ray
The other important topic which is covered under NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 11 PDF is construction of triangles. The major topics under this subheading are
- Rules of congruency of triangles
- Uniqueness of triangle
Important constructions which are covered under NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 11 PDF are
- Constructing a triangle based on the given base, base angle and sum of two sides of a triangle
- Constructing a triangle based on the given base, base angle and difference of other two sides of a triangle
Constructing a triangle based on the given perimeter, its two base angles
All you want to know about Computer Science Engineering
In the initial days, computer science was being taught as part of maths and engineering subjects. This subject later has emerged as a separate engineering field. A Computer Science Engineer is skilled in programming languages, program design, software, and computer hardware. They also have basic knowledge of electrical engineering, mathematics, and linguistics.
Computer Science has been a growing field since its inception. The candidates who intend to opt for course should have minimum eligibility criteria as per the post applied for. Computer Science engineers are qualified to deal with the software and hardware of programming computers and laptops.
Qualification and Eligibility for Computer Science Engineering:
The preparation for CSE can be started from Class X. The secondary school subjects lay foundation for preparing the students for the upcoming entrance exams. The students should have Maths, Physics and Chemistry as their subjects in Class XII. Many parents start coaching from an early stage to master them in basics of the subject and also to get good rank in the entrance exams. Degrees from a reputed organization can help students get direct placements after completing the course. The companies pick bright students with good package. It becomes easy for a fresh graduate to climb the ladder faster provided the start is good. Students should have following qualification and eligibility to be a Computer Science Engineer.
Diploma: 10+ 2 passed candidates can join a diploma course; the duration of course can vary from 2 to 3 years
Bachelors Degree: The candidates are required to pass 10+ 2 and should have scored well in entrance exams which are conducted at state and national levels to get admission in 4 years engineering course. IITJEE, AIEEE, BITSAT are the major entrance exams to get admission in reputed college.
Master’s degree: The candidate should have a valid bachelors degree in computer science engineering and must have qualified GATE entrance test.
PhD: The candidates who intend to study further can join PhD programs which are offered by various universities and colleges across the nation.
Apart from regular courses students can also add degrees to the portfolio in distant modes, increasing their value and worth in the market.
Subjects of computer science engineering:
The major subjects of computer science engineering are
- Cloud Computing
- Compiler Design
- Computer architecture and organization
- Computer Networks
- Data Base Management Systems
- Data Structures & Algorithms
- Design and Analysis of Algorithms
- Distributed Computing Systems
- Operating Systems (Unix Programming)
- Software Testing
Skills of Computer Science Engineer:
Inorder to be a successful professional the candidates have to be proficient both at the subject and the soft skills. Subject knowledge helps you in overpowering the technical situations and soft skills help you in maintaining a good team relation. Here are few skills which a computer science engineer must have
- Mathematics: The computers run based on data, which is the mathematics. A computer engineer should have excellent maths. A person has to be good in maths inorder to understand and solve problem associated with the software and hardware.
- Software Engineering: This is the basic profile of a software engineers. They are responsible for designing, write the code and debug the software’s. A software engineer should be able to perform successful test procedures.
- Computer Hardware: A software engineers is well-versed with the comments of computer. Not just Windows computer but also Mac, Linux and other advance versions.
- Programming Languages: The candidate has to be proficient in computer programming languages and should equip with the latest versions. There are a number of programming languages to create computer programs. The advanced languages are SQL, JAVA, Java Script, C #, Python, PHP, C++, Ruby on Rails to name a few.
- Problem solving skills: The engineers should be good in handling troubleshooting in a short span of time. The candidate should be able to identify the problem and take measures to avoid the problems in future. The root cause of the problem should be solved to avoid recurrence of the issues. Small mistakes in programming can ruin the entire program. Computer coding is important in programming of the software. Computer science engineers should master trouble shooting and problem solving skills.
- Learning: It is a continuous process. Learning does not just means having qualification, it is about learning new software updates and the hardware launched in the market. The employer looks for the candidates who are quick learners and master the skills soon.
- Communication Skills: All individuals have to work in co-ordination with team members. Lack of communication can result in failure of the project and will hinder the team progress. An efficient communication is important for problem solving.
- Patience: Coding is the most important aspect of computer science engineers’ job profile. The candidate has to patiently sit at one place and continue coding the whole day. Patience is key to success to especially in cases of trouble shooting.
- Management Skills: It is quite important in any industry. It is important to manage the work as per the schedule and coordinate with all the team members for better outcome. Management skills are important to get promoted in the organization.
These skills of Computer Science Engineer make him an ideal candidate for the high posts!
Job Description:
A computer science engineer is trained and experienced in
- Design and development of software application
- Design and development of the hardware components of computers & laptops
- Manages the software, hardware & networks
- Writes code and algorithms for operating systems like Windows, Linux etc.
Career Options of Computer Science Engineering:
A computer science engineer can find placement in a number of industries which offer a decent pay package. The Career Options for Computer Science Engineers along with the profiles is mentioned here
- Software Developers:They are involved in various processes of software development such as design and coding, computer programming, project management, etc. The engineer has to be proficient in programming languages
- Hardware Engineers:They design, develop, test, and install computer hardware (computer chips, circuit boards, systems, modems, keyboards, and printers).
- System Designer:Professionals involved in system designing, Logical & Physical Designing. Logical designing can be performed with the structure & characteristics such as output, input, files, database & procedures, etc.
- System Analyst:They research and analyse the existing problems and execute solutions for the problem. Computer Science Engineers helps company develop the software and recommend software updates and coordinate between business development teams.
- Networking Engineers: Designing, implementation, and troubleshooting of computer networks.
- Database Administrator (DBA), Database Coordinator or Database Programmer in IT sector:Design, implement, maintain and repair an organization’s database.
A qualified computer science engineer can get job in big companies such as Google, Yahoo, Hewlett-Packard, International Business Machines Corporation and Toshiba Corporation.
Download Important Facts & Formulae for JEE
Heat Class 10 SSC
Topic covered under the 10th class physics text book is Heat. To get the in-depth knowledge the students can also search for heat chapter class 10 pdf.
Heat
Heat is the transfer of kinetic energy from one medium or object to another, or from an energy source to a medium or object. Such energy transfer can occur in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection.
Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of energy in the form of heat or electricity from one atom to another within an object by direct contact.
Convection
Convection is a type of heat transfer that can only happen in liquids and gases, because it involves those liquids or gases physically moving.
Radiation
Direct transmission of heat or electromagnetic energy through space or another medium is called Radiation.
Difference Between heat and temperature
| Heat | Temperature |
| Amount of energy in a body | Measurement of intensity in a body |
| Flows from hotter to cooler object | Rises when heated and falls when cooled |
| Unit is Jules | Unit is Kelvin |
| Device used to measure: Calorimeter | Device used to measure: Thermometer |
| Symbol: Q | Symbol: T |
| Total kinetic and potential energy contained by molecules in an object | Average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance |
Latent Heat
Latent heat is the heat energy per mass unit required for a phase change to occur.
Regelation
Regelation is the phenomenon of melting under pressure and freezing again when the pressure is reduced.
Anomalous Behaviour of Water
The volume of substances increases on heating and decreases in cooling; but when water is heated from 0 degree Celsius to 4 degree Celsius, its volume decreases and increases only after 4 degree Celsius. This unusual behaviour of water from 0 degree Celsius to 4 degree Celsius is known as anomalous expansion of water.
Hope’s Apparatus
Hope’s apparatus is designed to show that water has a maximum density at 4°C.
Average Salary of a CA in India
CA, aka Chartered Accountancy is one of the most difficult courses in India. The difficulty level in passing the examination is on par with the competitive exams conducted by top management schools and B-schools. Being the most honored profession, that has immense scope, many think about the average salary of a CA in India.
Many factors influence the salary of a chartered accountant.
- Nature of Job / profile
- Type of firm and size of the firm / business
- Number of attempts
- Place of work
The average salary of a CA in India is 7.5 lakhs per annum, which may range from 4lakhs to 8 lakhs per annum, based on above factors.
Place of work is the most influencing factor in income earned by a CA. CA salary in Mumbai may have a huge difference when compared with a CA salary in Kerala.
Average Salary of a CA in India in case of Own Firm
Many students prefer to join in a CA Firm or other types of businesses to gain more experience. The article ship, work experience, and knowledge determine the salary, rather earning per month. A practicing chartered accountant can earn nearly about a lakh per month.
Average Salary of a CA in India in works in a CA Firm
Many medium and big sized firms hire the fresh chartered accountants who completed their article ship successfully.
Fresh chartered accountant salary on an average basis is 4 lakhs per annum. In case of big firms, with proven track records, fresh CAs get the package of about 8 to 10 lakhs per annum.
Average Salary of CA in India in other Type of Companies
Apart from the CA firms and own practice, many fresh CA graduates join different types of companies, which range from banking to IT sector.
Banking sector companies and Public sector companies pay a salary range from 4lakhs to 8 lakhs per annum for CA in India. In case of private banks, the salary is offered on par with the average MNC package.
Fresh chartered accountant salary, you can easily enroll in a MNC or IT Company with a lucrative package starts from 7 to 8 lakhs per annum. CAs with excellent track record is hired even for a salary of more than a lakh per month.
Highest salary of CA in India, hired by Bharti Airtel is 34.5 lakhs per annum. In case of international posting, recently three fresh CAs were hired for the whopping package of 70 lakhs per annum. A candidate from ICAI campus recruitment November 2010 batch was hired and fresh chartered accountant salary package is 70 lakhs.
Based on the size and nature of the company, the starting salary ranges from 4 lakhs to 12 lakhs per annum, in India. It is just a starting point and needs a lot of continuous learning.
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law is the biggest part of the Electricity class 10 NCERT solutions. Probably, an important section that all class 10 students should understand the concept perfectly.
Georg Ohm, a Physicist from Germany published this law. He discovered that electricity pass through resistor, which is directly proportional to resistor and voltage.
Ohm’s law indicates the potential difference between two points, the current through conductor is directly proportional to the electric current across those two points.
On any given constant temperature, the electricity flow proportional through linear resistance based on the voltage applied and inverse proportional through the resistor.
The term Ohm denotes a Greek letter’Ω’. 1 Ohm R (Resistance) is equal to 1 A current flow through the conductor between two points, which has the potential difference and is equal to 1 V.
Equation
Ohms law class 10 equation
It is one of the equations used widespread in a majority of electronic calculations. So it is essential for the students to understand it properly and remember accurately. Electricity class 10 NCERT solutions are helpful for the students to grasp the core.
- Current – I (electricity circuit), measured in Amperes
- Voltage – V (Potential differences across the end points), measured in volt
- Resistance – R (Constant of Proportionality), measured in Ohm
- Amperes – A
Many times, it is easier to remember the Ohms law using the pictures. Below are the triangle pictures for each element, which is collectively called OHMs Law Triangle. It will be easy to remember the Ohms law class 10 equation, through pictures. The arrangement of the elements represents the position within the ohms law formula.
Ohm’s law details about understanding the relationship between the electric current, voltage, and resistor.
Voltage
To find the Voltage, ( V )
[ V = I x R ] V (volts) = I (amps) x R (Ω)
Current
To find the Current, ( I )
[ I = V ÷ R ] I (amps) = V (volts) ÷ R (Ω)
Resistance
To find the Resistance, ( R )
[ R = V ÷ I ] R (Ω) = V (volts) ÷ I (amps)
Resistance of any conductor refers to the property of the conductor which opposes the flow of charge.
Ohms law is very easy to understand and simple to execute. You can work with electrical circuits with different applications of Ohms law. It is an indispensible part of the instrumentation world.
