Test Papers – ICSE – Class – X
Bhai Dooj 2018
Diwali is a festival of lights; it is a five-day festival. The fifth day or the last day of Diwali is celebrated as “Bhai Duj”. In 2018, Bhai Dooj is on Friday, 9 November. Bhai Dooj is celebrated the next day after the new moon day. This is the day on which sisters prays for the long life of their brothers.
This festival is a symbol of love between sisters and brothers, and is celebrated to strengthen the bond of care and affection between the two. On this festival, the sisters place “Tilak” on the forehead of their brothers. In return, the brothers give gifts to their sisters. This festival is very similar to the festival of “Rakshabandan” and people believe that the relationship between brother and sister becomes strong and unbreakable.
The names of “Bhai Dooj” in other languages
This festival has its name in every region. In Hindi, it is called Bhai Dooj as we are already notifying the festival with this name. In Sanskrit, it is called Bharti Bhagya. In Karnataka, local people call it as Dutiya Sauda Biziga. Bengoli people called it as Bhai Phota. Nepalies called it as “Bhai-Taka”. Bhai Dooj is famous with the name of Karthigai among local peoples of Bhavnagar (Maharashtra) . Similarly, different regional peoples call Bhai Dooj with their own names for it.
Importance of Bhai Dooj festival Importance of Bhai Dooj Festival
The Bhai Dooj festival is celebrated to strengthen the love between the brothers and sisters. This is a day, when the siblings eat together, give gifts, and heartily treat each other.
Traditionally, Bhai Dooj festival is meant for brothers of married women. This is to strengthening the relationship between brothers and sisters. The brothers get an opportunity to examine the circumstances of his sister’s house.
So traditionally, all the brothers go to the homes of their sisters on this day and give them gifts. Sisters also pray for their brother’s long life and good health.
Story of Yama and Yami (Bhai Dooj Kahani)
Once upon a time, a long time ago; Sun God had married a beautiful princess named “Sanjana”. During one year, she gave birth to twins. Twins were named Yama, and Varni or Yamuna, and they grew together. However, after some time, Sanjana was unable to bear the talents of her husband, and therefore decided to return to the Earth. However, she left her replica, “Chhaya”, her exact copy, so that for the sun, it would appear that she is still there.
Chhaya played the role of a cruel stepmother and she was very ruthless for twins. She soon gave birth to her own children, and then convinced the Sun to take Sanjana’s twins, Yama and Yamuna out. Varni fell on the earth and became Yamuna, the river, and Yama thrown to hell, and became the master of death.
After several years of this incident, Varni married a handsome prince and she became happy and satisfied in her life. But she used to remember her brother and was eager to see him. Yama also remembered his sister, and one day he decided to visit his sister’s house.
Varni was very happy with the news of meeting with his brother. She prepared variety of food in her brother’s honor. It was two days to go in Deepawali, so she decorated her home with lamps and colourful lights. She has decorated everything with love and prepared many sweets and dishes. Her husband was very happy to see Varni preparing for a welcome ceremony for her brother.
Yama was also very pleased with the reception given by his sister. After having separated for so long time, both, the brother and the sister spent some pleasant moments with each other. When the time came for Yama to go back, he said to his sister, “Dear sister, you have welcomed me with such love, but I have not given you a gift”. Therefore, you demand anything, and it will be yours.
Varni replied in a loving way – Your coming is a gift to me. I do not need anything else. But Yum constantly ask for it. I should give you gifts; he insisted.
Verni agreed and started thinking … and said that all the brothers should remember their sisters on this day and if they can go, they should go to meet their sister on this day. On this day all the sisters should pray for the happiness of their brothers.
Yama announced – I bless all the brothers who will give lovely gifts to their sisters on this day, they will get a long and healthy life.
After killing demon’s king Narakasur, Lord Krishna went to meet Subhadra, his sister. Subhadra traditionally welcomed him by making an aarti and tilak in her house.
According to Tritiya Samhita and Devi Bhagwat, the “Ras” of God starts in the month of Kartik. “Ras” is the process of creation in which there is consciousness control center and all others roam around it.
Kartik and Vaisakh are two points of the ecliptic and the equator. Earth axis runs in a circle over 26,000 years. At the first point, the two branches start like a blade of scissors (Kristika) and the opposite point is found in two branches.
Therefore, this festival is celebrated on the second day of Yama-Duitia Kartika, which is a symbol of the pair of siblings.
Vishakha-Paltanam is surrounded by Nagavali and Vamshadhara rivers, which start from the same place, but remain separate throughout the journey to the sea, hence it is very different.
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 15 – Probability
Probability class 9 ncert solutions pdf covers the topic of Probability and probability formulas. To get in-depth knowledge on probability class 9 notes the students can refer to probability class 9 ncert solutions pdf given below.
Probability
Probability is the measure of the likeliness that an event will occur. Probability is quantified as a number between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty)
Benefits of Probability
It is widely used in the study of Mathematics, Statistics, Gambling, Physical sciences, Biological sciences, Weather forecasting, Finance etc. to draw conclusions. Insurance companies use this to decide on financial policies.
Terminology in Probabilty
Randomness
In mathematics, When next outcome of the experiment cannot be determined then we say it is a random experiment.
Trial
A trial is an action which results in one or several outcomes, for example each toss of the coin and each throw of the die are called trials.
Independent Trial
Successive trials of some random event for example tosses of a coin, throws of a die are said to be independent if the outcome of any one trial does not impact the outcomes of any others.
Experiment
Experiment and trial is same thing as such. An experiment is a situation involving chance or probability that leads to results called outcomes. But sometimes we use experiment to refer to whole large number of trials.
Event
An event is a possible outcome of the Experiment. Like head coming in a toss
Sample space
It is a set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
Probability formulas
Few of the Probability formulas are:
P(A) = Number of favorable outcomes/ Total number of possible outcomes
Empirical Probability
Experimental or empirical probability is an estimate that an event will happen based on how often the event occurs after performing an experiment in a large number of trials.
It is a probability of event which is calculated based on experiments
Empirical probability depends on experiment and different will get different values based on the experiment.
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 14 – Statistics
NCERT solutions for class 9 maths chapter 14 pdf covers the topic of Collection of Data, Presentation of Data, Graphical Representation of Data. The chapter also discusses about mean, median, mode. To get in-depth information and statistics class 9 notes you can refer to ncert solutions for class 9 maths chapter 14 pdf given below.
Statistics
Statistics deals with collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data.
Collection of data
The first step in any investigation is collection of data. The data may be collected for the whole population or for a sample only.
Presentation
1)Arranging data in a order to study their salient features is called presentation of data
2) Data arranged in ascending or descending order is called arrayed data or an array
3) organize numerical information in the form of tables, graphs, and charts.
Analysis and interpretation
1) Understand statistical techniques underlying decisions that affect our lives and well-being and
make informed decisions.
2) The process by which sense and meaning are made of the data gathered and applied to clients problem
More on Presentation of Data
We can divide data into two Forms in terms of Presentation
Ungrouped data
- The data obtained in original form is called raw data or ungrouped data
- A frequency distribution table that shows the frequency of each individual value in the given data is called an ungrouped frequency distribution table.
Grouped data
- The ungrouped data approach becomes very hard with large values of number. So we make groups of suitable size to put the data in a more condensed form and mention the frequency of each group. Such a table is called a grouped frequency distribution table.
Measures of Central Tendency
Let’s discuss mean median mode:
Mean
The mean value of a variable is defined as the sum of all the values of the variable divided by the number of values.
Median
The median of a set of data values is the middle value of the data set when it has been arranged in ascending order. That is, from the smallest value to the highest value
Median is calculated as
Where n is the number of values in the data
If the number of values in the data set is even, then the median is the average of the two middle values.
Mode
Mode of a statistical data is the value of that variable which has the maximum frequency.
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 13 – Surface Areas and Volumes
Ncert Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 13 pdf covers the topic of surface areas and volumes class 9 and the formulas to calculate the areas and volumes of Square, Rectangle, Triangle, Circle. To get more in-depth knowledge on surface areas and volumes class 9 refer to ncert solutions for class 9 maths chapter 13 pdf download
Area
The space occupied by a two-dimensional flat surface. It is measure in square units.
Generally, Area can be of two types
(i) Total Surface Area
(ii) Curved Surface Area
Total Surface Area
Total surface area refers to area including the base(s) and the curved part.
Curved surface area (lateral surface area)
Refers to area of only the curved part excluding it’s base(s).
Volume
The amount of space, measured in cubic units, that an object or substance occupies.
Surface area and volume all formulas
The Surface area and volume all formulas are given below:
Areas
square = a2
rectangle = ab
parallelogram = bh
trapezoid = h/2 (b1+ b2)
circle = pir 2
ellipse = pir1 r2
- triangle = (1/2) b h
- equilateral triangle = (1/4)(3) a2
- triangle given SAS = (1/2) a b sin C
- triangle given a,b,c = [s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)] when s = (a+b+c)/2 (Heron’s formula)
- regular polygon = (1/2) n sin(360°/n) S2
when n = # of sides and S = length from center to a corner
Volumes
cube = a3
rectangular prism = a b c
irregular prism = bh
cylinder = bh = r2 h
pyramid = (1/3) bh
Cone = (1/3) bh = 1/3 r2 h
sphere = (4/3) r3
ellipsoid = (4/3) pir1 r2 r3
Surface Areas
cube = 6 a2
prism:
(lateral area) = perimeter(b) L
(total area) = perimeter(b) L + 2b
sphere = 4 r2
