Test Papers – ICSE – Class – X
Std 12, Commerce, Secretarial Practice
Hello students, today we are going to learn a very short, simple but yes interesting chapter called issue of debenture, so let’s begin with the provision related to the issue of denture but what is debenture, so let’s begin with the meaning of debenture. Debenture is derive from the Latin word called Debere which means to owe something to someone, kisi ko koi chiz udhar mein dena, agar aur simplifiy kare isko, debenture kuch nhi yeh company ko diya hua ek karza hai ok this sentence is really important do not forget the word debenture is drive from the Latin word debere which means to owe something to someone. Debenture is an acknowledgment, what is acknowledgment, it’s a proof, its an evidence of loan ok, so debenture is a proof of loan of that issued by company under its common seal, common seal is the signature of the company, it also means that debenture is a proof of loan taken by the company on certain terms and conditions, agar company ne loan liya hai , uddhar liya hai, karza liya hai toh definitely it should be under certain rules toh usse humne kaha hai company takes the loan it’s a proof of loan on certain terms and condition. Let’s begin with the definition of debenture, according to the oxford dictionary debenture is certificate issued by company acknowledging proof donot forget, acknowledging proof that it is a borrowed money on which interest has been paid, agar isse bole humlog yeh company ne liya hua hai karza, agar hum company ko loan derhe hai, karza derhe hai toh definitely hume return mein humlogo ko kya milega interest ok, so definition says according to the oxford dictionary debenture is certificate issued by company acknowledging it’s a proof that it is a borrowed money on which interest is been paid. So let’s begin with the statutory provision related to issue of debenture, where if first point says company can issue debentures to raise loan capital why we call it as a loan capital, ye company ko diya hua karza hai, loan karza ok so we say it’s a loan capital not only that debenture it’s a most suitable and a safe method of raising borrow capital kyu ki ye paisa humne udder mein diya hua hai so we call it as a borrowed capital. A person purchasing a debenture we are also called them a debenture holder of the company not only debenture holder but we also called them as a creditors of the company, they are not the owner they are the creditors of the company because we have taken the borrowed money ok so unhone paise dale huye hai ye borrowed capital hai that’s the reason we called them as a creditors of the company yes ya entitled to get at the fixed rate inko kya return mein milega interest that to fixed rate of interest unko milega, debenture may be issued at par, at premium or at discount, yes company can issue debenture at par for example agar face value of debenture is at 10 rupees yehi 10 rupee ka debenture agar humlogo ne 10 rupees mein hi issue kiya toh its at par but yehi 10 rupees ka debenture manke chalo ye 11 ya 12 rupees mein humne issue kiya matlab we are charging high from them right so we called It as a premium and 10 rupees ka denture agar 9 rupees mein offer ker rahe hai humlogo ko they charging less from yours then it’s a discount, so debenture may be issued at par, at premium or at discount. Debenture can be issued by both public as well as by private limited company, students let me take you back to your eleventh standard, you have studied the stages in the formation of company, they where four stage, promotion stage, incorporation stage, capital subscription stage and fourth one is the certificate to commence a business, now understand one thing if it’s a public limited company, if it’s a public limited company debenture can be issued after fourth stage after getting a certificate of commencement but if it’s a private limited company the company donot have to wait till the fourth stage, after second stage, after getting a incorporation certificate private limited company can issue debenture matlab debenture ye dono public limited as well as private limited company issue ker sakti hai but agar ye public limited hai toh fouth stage ke baad after getting a certificate of commencement ye company debenture issue kar sakti hai and agar ye private limited hai then after second stage issue ker sakti hai, incorporation stage ke baad ye company debenture issue ker sakti hai . Who has the power to issue debenture yes board of directors has the power to issue debentures under section 292 sub section 1 such rights can excise by passing resolution in the board meeting, resolution is a final decision can be taken in the board meeting.
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Std 12,Commerce, Organisation of Commerce, Module 2
Hi kids, lets understand the meaning and nature of planning kids, oh anne, she has invited us to her cake shop, she runs a cake shop that looks amazing, now she further says, when I initially started my business I too did planning you guys must be thinking why? Well lets she why did she do planning kids because the planning is the foremost most important fundamental that is necessary and the important function of management, planning ke bina hum kuch bhi ker sakte hai ? nhi kers akte hai, business planning ke bina chal hi nhi sakta for doing anything in business we require what planning, since planning is the starting point. It help to visualize the future problems and keeps the management ready with possible solutions. Aaj hum jo bhi plan bana rhe hai pane ko pata hai ke yahan jake apne ko problem aasakta hai. So make sure the solutions are ready, aisa hisab se woh log plan karta hai, when talk about the business, planning is necessary to ensure that is to safeguard or protect the proper utilization of human and non-human resources. Human as in employee non human assets hogaya machinery hogaya raw material hogaya, planning aisa kerna chahiye taki human resources ka aur non human resources ka proper utilization ho. It is a detail programme regarding future course of action. It is rightly said “Well plan is half done” Now let’s study the definition by James Stoner “Planning is a process of establishing goals and a suitable course of action for achieving goals.” Please by heart is definition pakka learn kerna. Lets understand the first nature of planning that is goal oriented, planning is made to achieve the desire objective of business, it can we goodwill, it can be profit, it can be customer satisfaction, it can be brand, it can be growth. So planning is done to achieve the objectives of organization or business. It provides the desired direction for achievement of the goals. Now here you can see, it acts as a base to other functions and organizing as you can see the kitchen girls are organizing the cake at the display, then they are staffing, anne ne unlogo ko staff kiya, correct person at the time at the correct designation, directing lets see how it goes, Nicole keep this cake ahead and then follow the same pattern, now Anne is directing Nicole, let’s see the co-ordination among the kitchen girls, you manage the display bye the I will look after the kitchen, they are co-coordinating the work among themselves and further controlling is nothing but keeping a check, anne saying display is looking lovely Nicole, she was keeping a check on her weather she is doing things fine or no, The third point is talk about the pervasive function planning is required to all level of management and in all departments of an organization, har level per planning jaruri hai, aisa hai kya middle level pe planning jaruri nhi hai off course not, har department ko plan out karna padta hai unka chiz without planning things are next to impossible then, the top level may be more concern about planning for the organization as the whole now she further says, now kids, as I am owner of the business, I’m more concern about the output as a whole offcouse usko dukh jyda lagega agar loss hoga toh so she’ll be more concern about the output whereas as the middle level may be more specific in the departmental plans and the lower level for the implementation of the same. Fourth point talks about the future oriented, planning is always done keeping in mind the future needs, profit, goodwill, brand, yeh sab future needs hai ek business ka. Goals can be achieved only planning is done with proper thinking, now here she says, now kids goodwill, efficiency, and profit are future business goals woh bhi future predict kar rhi hai apne business k liye k usko kya chahiye, she needs goodwill, she needs efficiency in her business, she needs profit these are her desire when she talks about business. Now planning is a continuous process it is never ending due to its dynamic that is changing nature, plan are also prepared for a specific period and at the end of the period, plans are subjected to revaluation, if any changes are required and review that is keep the check in the light of new requirements and changing condition. If a particular goal is achieved, another targets are set again planning process will be begin aaj ek file khatam kar diya, ek project khatma kar diya bas bhaithne ka abhi nahi, we need to work on some other project uske liye naya planning ka shurwat karna padta hai toh planning is the continuous process. Now the sixth point says planning is involves options and decision making, a manager has to take a decision and select the best option depending upon the requirement and availability resources in the organization. Now she further says, kids I am so confused, should I introduce chocolates or marshmallows into my business, here is has to take a decision among the options so she comes further to a conclusion that is well I think I should go for chocolates, anytime chocolates are better Anne. Seventh point says it involves intelligence, imagination and creative thinking, that is intellectual process, mental process hai yeh, kitchen team ne bhi kaisa innovative kaam kiya tha pk k time mein yaad aaya kids dekho waha. A manager can prepare a sound plan only if he has a sound judgment, foresight and imagination. Eighth point says, it is a dynamic function, it is a change in nature kabhi bhi kuch bhi hosakta hai, since future is unpredictable, kabhi bhi future mein kuch bhi hosakta hai, aaj kuch ho ya na ho pata hai kya nhi its unpredictable, planning must provide enough scope to cope up with the changes in the market demand, competition, government policies, etc. market demands anytime increase sale kabhi bhi badrha hai kabhi bhi ghat rha hai, aaj humare competitors ne discount diya hai, sale siya hai buy one get one policy lagaya hai, government policy hogaya that is tax kaisa bhi policies ka change ho gaya, so yeh changing hai na environment change hote rahta hai based on that planning bhi change hoga, under the changed circumstances, the original plan of the action must be revised and updated to make it more practical as I said plan A nhi chal toh plan B ready hona chahiye. The ninth point says that it designed for efficiency planning leads to accomplished of objective at the minimum possible cost, now her she says, Here kids I always go for whole sale market for shopping for my business efficiency at minimum cost toh woh kya kerti hai wholesale market se buy karti hai it avoids wastage, here the kitchen girl says we have stcked more of chocolate and expiry date is near then further anne gives a conclusion ohh we can make Chocó-chip cookies and keep it for sale efficiency taki who chocolates waste na ho, cookies banado toh taki humlog bechde, it avoid wastage and ensures optimum utilization of available resources like men, money, material , method and machine. Tenth point talks about planning is the basis control, planning and control are two sides of same coin without planning controlling activity are baseless whereas without controlling planning meaningless exercise kids, planning precedes controlling that is leads controlling and controlling succeeds that is achieve the planning. I hope all the ten points are clear kids keep on revising I see you in the next module till then take care kids, bye.
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Std 12, Commerce, Maths And Stats Part-I
Welcome back, Dear Students In this Module we will be understanding the definition of matrix And Order Of a matrix. Starting with a first part definition of matrix understand dear students, a matrix is a ordered Rectangular array, array ka matlab arrangement, arrangement kis chiz ka, Arrangement of numbers. Example 1 2 3 4 5 6 Or arrangement of functions cosA -sinA tanA. So matrix is an ordered rectangular array of a numbers or functions enclosed in brackets. Agar aapne yaad rakha hai brackets apan ne padh liya hai pehle wale module me, there are two type of brackets we can use that is nothing but rectangular bracket or the round bracket so ye hota hai matrix ka notation, ek matrix ka presentation. Moving further matrices are usually donated by capital letters understand dear students jab matrix ek se zada sath me aate hai to usko bolte hai matrices matlab matrix is singular and matrices are plural. So it is always denoted by capital letters A, B, C, and so on and jo ander ke values likhe hai apan ne jo ander ke numbers ya functions likhe hue hai usko bolte hai elements of that matrix. Elements of matrix hamesha small letters se represent hota hai. In a matrix the horizontal line of elements usko apan bolte hai Rows of that matrix and it is usually denoted as R1, R2, R3….. Similarly jo vertical lines hai usko kya bolenge, vertical lines are nothing but columns. And it is represented by C1,C2, C3 and so on moving further ye hua definition. Definition ko aur ek bar revise karenge , A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of a numbers or functions enclosed in brackets either a rectangular bracket or the round bracket ab ye pure definition me Important part hai ordered word ka . What Is order of matrix,order ke liye we will understanding the next part. Here we have, the order of a matrix, suppose we have a order of matrix which we have to understand uske liye meko ek matrix chahiye pahile , so the order of matrix having m rows . mere pass m rows hai and N columns hai uska order ky hojayenga order will be m*n that is nothing but we can say as a matrix of order m*n. ab m*n ko mein ek aur tarikhe se read kar sakta hu that is m/ n that means I can say that the given matrix A is having the order as m by n where m stands for no. of rows to yahape mere pass rows kitni hogi m rows hogi. N represent numbers of columns , matlab columns kitni hogi n columns hogi. So the order of this matrix will be m/n, m/n matlab number of rows is m and number of columns is n. the element of matrix A, suppose for a example agar aap first row and first column ka intersection dekhkhoge to konsa element milega aapko , aapko milega a element named as a11. Ab ye a11 ka matlab ky hai , jo nichewala suffix mein phehla one hai that represents the row, and the 2nd number jo dusra diya hua hai 1 suffix ke ander that represents the column matlab main aapko agar bolu a21 , a21 ka matlab second row and 1st column. So in general, if I want to say that the element which belongs to the ith row and jth column of matrix A will be denoted by aij. Matlab mai pura matrix main compact way mein likh sakta hoon as matrix A=
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Std 12, Commerce, Maths And Stats Part-I, Module 1
Let’s start with chapter Demography, this chapter is belong to the branch statistics, so let’s begin with the very first module that is introduction to demography and vital statistics, yes we would first will very much interested to know what does demography mean, demography comes from two greek words the first one is demos the meaning of this word is people and the next word is graphos now meaning of this word in greek is to measure, draw or to right something about people, so what does demography mean, so demography mean to write or measure something about people, so what is that something which we are measuring about people in demography, yes when I have a group of individuals what would I like to know about that group, what would I like to know about those people, I will like know the size, size of the group, that is size of my population next once I know the size I would like to interested to know the composition of my group now composition means sex distribution or the male female ratio in my population knowing the size, composition I would like to know the structure of the population by structure I mean age wise distribution in my population that is how many people belong to school going kids how many belong to adult group, how many belong to senior citizen group and so on lastly I would also like to measure the dynamics of my population by dynamics we mean the distribution in my population based on other parameters like income, location, etc and so on. So in demography these are the various aspects which we are going to measure about our population now the question arises how are we going to measure this yes we need to measure this by measuring the various aspects in the life of people, in the life of individual lot many events or lot many milestones occur once we start measure those milestones we will be able measure various aspects of demography ok so let’s see the various aspect in the life of individual, the first one being birth yes definitely first we are born that’s were our life begins and last one being death yes once we are born we definitely have to die but in between birth and death there are lot many events happens in our life one of them being marriage and sometimes unforcing events happen and we under go through divorce the other aspect that is very important in the life of individual that is migration yes people do migrate right, for career, for health reasons, to various countries to various cities, so these are the five very important event in the life of an individual and they are called as vital events. We measure these events that is we collect statistical information about these events and that statistical information is called vital statistics. So when we are able to measure the vital statistics then we are able measure the various aspects of our demography or population which is size, structure, composition and so on now once we know what are vital events what is vital statistics lets go ahead and look at what are the uses of these vital events, let’s look at them, the very first vital event was birth, how to do you measure or how do you record birth we have a very important document called birth certificate that is how we measure or record birth now how is this document used how does what is it let you, it tell us the date of birth, the place of birth, the citizenship of person born right similarly death is also recorded with help of death certificate this certificate has a lot of legal importance, it helps you to claim the payments from insurance companies, it is also important to claim pension benefits, it is also important to distribute property among relatives once the person dies, so these are the legal uses of death certificate, similarly we can record marriage with help of marriage certificate this certificate also has legal importance now this certificate proves your right to family pension benefits and also your right to job benefits apart from these three vital statistics are used in businesses now how do businesses use vital statistics they decide the nature of business type of business location of business based on vital statistics, vital statistics are also used in life tables what are these tables, these tables are based on mortality rates, mortality rate means death rate and they are used by insurance companies, insurance companies used these tables to decide the premiums of various insurance schemes these being very important uses of vital statistics, let’s look at last but not the least that is welfare activities how vital statistics used in welfare activities yes government various social organizations they use vital statistics to decide social security schemes for senior citizens, welfare schemes for children for kids for women for infants and so on. So these are the very important uses of vital statistics. In this chapter we saw how demography is measured that is size, structure, composition are measure with the help of vital statistics.
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Std 12, Commerce, Economics, Module 1
Hello students, now let us start to your journey in 12th Standard, now when I talk about 12th standard economics today we are going to start with very interesting topic and topic is all about the students, Consumer Behavior. What is this consumer Behavior let us start very first module, and in this module we are going to introduce the topic Part-1 so now when I start with the introduction let us study this topic with an example . abhi tum log screen pe dekha there is a man so this man has certain kind of wants the desire, now what are the desire of this man, to start with delicious food second to wear a good cloths and to look a better personality uska aur ek want hai I want a very good and beautiful house too stay, the next one is muje thoda relax hona hai, I want to go on a tour , also he want a car ky hai ye sab students? What are all these, your are right these are nothing else but the wants of the consumer. So even you ever want, even I have a want and even this man has a want. But remember one thing students we are humans and we are worst animal on this earth and when I say we are worst that means are wants are unlimited , ki ek khatam nai hua to dusra want hota hai dusra khatam hone wala rehta hai to tisra want appear ho jata hai , so humans wants are always unlimited, now to satisfy this wants what i require students, listen to me very carefully I require resources ,what kind of resources now resources like it can be land or it can be labour, students even it can be capital or it can be entrepreneur. So what all these are, perfect, they are the resources lekin ek taklif hai yaha par abhi 2 min pehle mene ky bataya students we are humans and humans wants are unlimited so now when I compared wants and resources students wants are more compared to resources , so whenever I compare my unlimited wants with the given amount of resources the wants are always more and hence as a consumer we have to make a choice now when I see we have to make a choice matlab mai mere sare wants satisfy at a same point of time nai kar sakta so I have to make a choice and this choices students reason for any economic problem remember this . Let us continue with the introduction part generally, utility means usefulness of a commodity but now when I talk from economics point of view utility means “WANT SATISFYING POWER OF A COMMODITY”remember it is “WANT SATISFYING POWER OF A COMMODITY”. Confused let us understand this again with an example as u can see on the screen there is a thirsty boy, so this boy is very thirsty so can I say student to satisfy his thirst, he needs something , muje bahut pyas laga hai “pani’ so what he need can I say he will demand a product and when I say he demand a product that product is nothing else but water so why he is demanding the product water “bahut payas laga hai pani, pani, oh I am drinking water, “ wow , can I say the product have the capacity to satisfy the want of this thirsty boy so can I say students water has the capacity to QUENCH the thirst , muje baut pyas laga tha mene pani ko demand kiya and the water has the capacity remember water has the capacity to QUENCH the thirst mujhe bahut payas laga tha maine pani ko demand kiya and this water has the capacity to quench my thirst that means students water has the power to satisfy the want of this thirsty boy. There can be many products but in my example was water so water had the power to satisfy the want and hence I conclude students, water has utility, so remember one thing what is utility in economics says it is WANT SATISFYING POWER OF A COMMODITY and in my example the water had the power, the power to satisfy the want of this thirsty boy and hence I said water has utility. So common students this was the very first module and I hope a small information of what is utility is cleared will again talk again what is utility in the next module.
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Std 12, Commerce, Book Keeping, Dissolution of partnership firm
Hello students let us begin with the interesting chapter called as “Dissolution of partnership firm” first of all let us try to understand the meaning and definition of this “Dissolution” word so let us go for the first module that is meaning, definition, reasons & legal effects of Dissolution of partnership firm so here we go, first is meaning of dissolution so let us try to understand what is dissolution, so when partner’s of an existing form decides to put an end to the partnership business and close down the partnership firm it is known as dissolution of firm. So it will be the complete closure of our business. Now moving ahead, they saying, it is a mutual agreement of all partners which brought the firm into existence, sab partner ne milke yeh decide kiya tha ke hume business kerna hai, it was agreed mutually by all the partners but now they are saying, when the agreement comes to an end, the firm is called as dissolved, so now the end of the contractual relationship that is job hi agreement kiya tha, contract kiya tha into that exist among one or more partners is called as dissolution of partnership firm, so what is contractual relationship that is job hi agreement phele contract sign hua tha usko agar end ker diya toh that will be the end of the partnership as well that is dissolution of partnership. Now moving ahead, let us try to understand the definition of partnership, let us try to understand the definition of dissolution, so according to section 39 of the partnership act 1932 dissolution of partnership between all the partners of the firm is called as dissolution of firm. These are the partners who are departed from each other now so firm bhi dissolve hone wala hai now moving ahead, they saying reasons of dissolution, kyu dissolution ho sakta hai so the first one is all partners agree to dissolve the firm, sab ne milke reason may be whatever sab ne milke yeh decide kiya ke abhi hume firm band kerna hai so that will be the dissolution ka first reason then, continuous disputes among the partners partner ek dusre ka nhi sunte bahut jhagda ho raha hai so firm will be ended there then next one continuous losses suffered by the firm that means in flow of cash kum hai and out flow jyada hai so end ho sakta hai partnership ka , then the next one is retirement death of one or more partners jo main partner hai who retire hogaya ya death hogaya toh bhi business ko effect hoga that will be one of the reasons then insolvency one or more partners bankrupt or unable to pay dues what is insolvency is bankruptcy ya toh ek ya jyada partner bankrupt hogaye matlab they are not able to pay their dues toh bhi firm band ho sakta hai now moving ahead the next one period of the firm expires and venture for which the firm is formed to get completed so when the firm is for specific purpose or period toh who period expire ho gaya khatam hogaya toh hume business band kerna padega or the venture for which the firm is formed what is venture, venture means a specific project toh ek particular project k liye partnership firm open kiya tha who project abhi khatam hogaya toh partnership firm bhi end hojayega dissolve ho jayega, now moving ahead the next one is when partner becomes of unsound mind or insane so what is unsound mind, he became mentally ill toh bhi business ko effect hoga now moving ahead the next reason is business o firm is illegal or unlawful so if the firm is getting in wrong practices agar galat jagah se paisa kama rhe hai toh bhi business dissolve kaerna padega and the next one they are saying is partner transfers whole of his interest to third party without consent from others toh kisi particular partner ne without taking the consent of other partner apna interest ya apna share kisi third person ko out of the business person ko transfer kiya toh that can be the main reason without consent as in usne baki kisi logo se permission nhi liya so these are the partners and this the third party so ek person ne uska share third party ko dediya toh that will be the one of the reasons for the dissolution of partnership and the next one is partner frequently makes a breach of agreement now what is breach it is break the contract agreement breach kerna matlab contract break kerna toh agar yeh frequently hote raha ha kisi partner se so firm will get dissolved now they are saying partner is guilty of misconduct, so illegal activities mein agar partner jaraha hai koi confidential information woh kisi aur ko agar supply ker rha hai ya whatever any other illegal activity toh bhi firm dissolve ho sakta hai. Now moving ahead the next one we are seeing effects after firm is dissolved so now let us try to understand this. The first effect that is all activities of the firm are closed down firm ka sab activities band kerna padega kyun ki business end kerne ka baat hua hai. The next one is all assets including goodwill are realized agar firm band karna hai toh assets ka kya kerenge toh we have to realize either it will be realized in cash or partners take over ker lega, so it should be realized, so goodwill is reputation of business then the next one is dispose matlab hume sell kar dena hai, realize karna hai and finally all liability including partners capital are paid from the amount realized toh assets sell karkejo bhi paisa aayega usme se hume liabilities pay off kerna hai. So these are the effects of dissolution and here ends our this module.
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